Maternal hyperthyroidism is a relative rare disorder, which can seriously complicate pregnancy in each of its periods. Graves disease is an example of an autoimmune disease that increases thyroid hormone. These include understanding indications for treatment, therapeutic options for pregnant women, and goals of antithyroid drug atd therapy. Hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid, happens when your thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs.
Hyperthyroidism and pregnancy endocrinologia y nutricion. Fewer than 1 in 100 women has an overactive thyroid in pregnancy. How to manage hyperthyroid disease in pregnancy mdedge obgyn. Radioiodine is not advisable to treat hyperthyroidism during pregnancy, according to the american thyroid association, since it crosses the placenta and is taken up by the babys thyroid gland. Find out what to do if youre pregnant and have hyperthyroidism. Thyroid dysfunction affects 23% of pregnant women and one in 10 women of childbearing age with normal thyroid function have underlying thyroid autoimmunity, which may indicate reduced functional reserve. Get info on causes, risks, treatments and prevention of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy at. Diagnosis and management of thyrotoxicosis the bmj. How can i expect my hyperthyroid condition to affect my pregnancy. Adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes are increased by maternal thyroid disease and adequate treatment is thought to reduce these risks. Lifelong thyroid hormone supplementation will be necessary after ablation or thyroidectomy due to resultant hypothyroidism.
Some studies have shown an increase in pregnancy induced hypertension high blood pressure of pregnancy in women with hyperthyroidism. The thyroid enlarges slightly in healthy women during pregnancy, but usually not enough for a health care professional to feel during a physical exam. The authors report no financial relationships relevant to this article. When thyroid problems develop or worsen during pregnancy, women understandably worry about the effects of the thyroid treatments on the baby. Mar 01, 2016 hyperthyroidism is an excessive concentration of thyroid hormones in tissues causing a characteristic clinical state. Mar 20, 2008 the immune status of pregnancy is a th2 state, which allows tolerance of the fetus during pregnancy, and this is thought to be the reason why the severity of graves hyperthyroidism and other autoimmune diseases usually lessens after the first trimester. Hypothyroidism in pregnancy american thyroid association. A hyperthyroid patient who desires future pregnancy. In women who have underlying hyperthyroidism, in particular graves disease, uncontrolled disease may have detrimental effects on the pregnancy for both more and child. The aim of these guidelines is to inform clinicians, patients, researchers, and health policy makers on published evidence relating to the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease in women during pregnancy, preconception, and the postpartum period. Guidelines for tshreceptor antibody measurements in preg nancy. An autoimmune disease is an immune system problem that may make your thyroid gland produce too much thyroid hormone.
The treatment of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy is presented here. The committee on practice bulletinsobstetrics of the american college of obstetricians and gynecologists acog has developed a practice guideline on thyroid disease in pregnancy. A healthy thyroid gland works normally in pregnancy. Figo is dedicated to the improvement of womens health and. It may lead to preterm birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy and low birth weight for the baby. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy american thyroid association. Because of the rapid growth of the literature relating to this topic, plans for revising the guidelines within. There is a risk of disease worsening during the first trimester or in the early postpartum period. The diagnosis of overt hyperthyroidism rests on laboratory tests, particularly on the estimation of suppressed serum tsh.
International federation of gynecology and obstetrics. Feb 03, 2020 care guide for hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Nov 15, 2008 precocious diagnosis of pregnancy is, in our opinion, mandatory. Hyperthyroidism can be caused by a number of conditions, including graves disease, plummers disease and thyroiditis. Michael evans developed the onepager concept to provide clinicians with useful clinical information on primary care topics. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Mar 04, 2020 close followup during pregnancy, with tsh receptor antibody trab status checked around 2428 weeks to assess the risk of fetal andor neonatal hyperthyroidism. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum. Apr 15, 2020 thyroid diseases affect up to 5% of all pregnancies.
Postpartum thyroiditis is a relatively rare condition that affects some women after pregnancy. A few causes are technically avoidable, but most are notand. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy inpatient care what you need. With this disease, your immune system makes antibodies that cause the thyroid to make too much thyroid hormone. Pregnancy is a period that places great physiological stress on both the mother and the fetus. The thyroid makes hormones that help the body use energy, stay warm, and.
Hypothyroidism can occur during pregnancy due to the initial presentation of hashimotos thyroiditis, inadequate treatment of a woman already known to have hypothyroidism from a variety of causes, or overtreatment of a hyperthyroid woman with antithyroid medications. Thyroid storm treatment is generally similar to that for hyperthyroidism but with closer monitoring and higher medication doses. Adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes are increased by maternal thyroid disease and adequate treatment is. A family history of thyroid disease or autoimmune disease can also increase your risk certain medicines, such as heart medicines used to. Thus, hyperthyroidism in pregnant women should be carefully. The thyroid is a butterflyshaped endocrine gland that is located in the lower front of the neck. Association of hyperthyroidism and pregnancy is not an unusual event, and has. Now, a large study from denmark found that exposure to levothyroxine, used to help a sluggish thyroid hypothyroidism, had no impact on birth weight and other factors. An endocrine society clinical practice guideline clinical guidelines the endocrine societys the endocrine society 8401 connecticut avenue, suite 900 chevy chase, md 20815 301. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy is graves disease. Graves disease is a problem with the bodys immune system. Having too much thyroid hormone speeds up the way the body uses energy and controls growth. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy what is the interaction between the thyroid function of the mother and the baby.
August 16, 2018 in 2018 news releases, basic science research, news releases, thyroid disease and pregnancy, thyroid research grants research grant to study the action of tregulatory cells in thyroidantibodypositive pregnant women awarded to stephanie behringermassera, md, by the american thyroid association. The immune status of pregnancy is a th2 state, which allows tolerance of the fetus during pregnancy, and this is thought to be the reason why the severity of graves hyperthyroidism and other autoimmune diseases usually lessens after the first trimester. Current international guidelines recommend the use of ptu in the first. Palmert, md, phd ca, b, a division of endocrinology, the hospital for sick children. Talking about the causes of hyperthyroidism requires discussion of far more potentialsgraves disease, thyroiditis, goiter, and othersthan the average condition while there is a characteristic commonality among them in that they all cause your thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone, how they do this va. Hyperthyroidism is a set of disorders that involve excess synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland, which leads to the hypermetabolic condition of thyrotoxicosis. In the united states, the overall prevalence of hyperthyroidism is 1.
This antibody is called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin, or tsi. Hyperthyroid pregnancy pregnancy and thryoid thryoid. Some studies have shown an increase in pregnancyinduced hypertension high blood pressure of pregnancy in women with hyperthyroidism. Doctors have used radioactive iodine to treat hyperthyroidism for over 60 years. Thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy is suggested by a suppressed. Tshreceptor neonates born to mothers with graves disease are at risk for significant abstract morbidity and mortality and need to be appropriately identified and managed.
Care guide for hyperthyroidism in pregnancy inpatient care. According to recent guidelines, the measurement of the tsh receptor antibodies is not required, if antithyroid drugs have been used because the maternal thyroid. It makes hormones that control the way the body uses energy. Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy find out what an overactive thyroid means for you and your baby. Researchers believe it is caused by an antibody that triggers the thyroid gland to make too much thyroid hormone. Get more pregnancy health and safety information from the bump. Controlled by thyroidstimulating hormone tsh from the pituitary. There are several important issues to be considered when hyperthyroidism occurs during pregnancy. Establishing the correct diagnosis and effectively managing. Your thyroid is a small, butterflyshaped gland in the front of your neck. Guidelines of the american thyroid association for the. Management of neonates born to mothers with graves disease.
Hyperthyroidism, also called overactive thyroid, is when the thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs. The international federation of gynecology and obstetrics figo is a unique organization, being the only international professional body that brings together obstetrical and gynecological associations from all over the world. Thyroid hormones control the way the body uses energy, so they affect nearly every organ in your body. The thyroid is a small, butterflyshaped gland in the front of your neck.
An estimated 5% of women may experience this in the year after giving birth. Thyroid disorders and pregnancy childrens hospital of. Thyroid disease in pregnancy is a common clinical problem. Management of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy and lactation. Hyperthyroid pregnancy pregnancy and thryoid thebump. Ata thyroid disease in pregnancy guidelines were previously published in 2011. Jun 12, 2019 its crucial that you get treatment if you have hyperthyroidism. However, pregnancyassociated goiters occur much more frequently in iodinedeficient areas of the world.
Hypothyroidism in pregnancy weiping teng, zhongyan shan, komal patilsisodia, david s cooper hypothyroidism is the most common pregnancyrelated thyroid disorder, a. Feb 03, 2020 care guide for hyperthyroidism in pregnancy inpatient care. While there is a characteristic commonality among them in that they all cause your thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone, how they do this varies. There are also elevated levels of free thyroxin ft 4 and free triiodothyronine ft 3. Acog practice bulletin on thyroid disease in pregnancy. When your thyroid gland is overactive hyperthyroidism and produces too much hormone, your bodys metabolism speeds up. Hyperthyroidism is less common than hypothyroid ism, with an approximate incidence during pregnancy of 0. Your thyroid is a small, butterflyshaped gland at the base of your neck, just below your adams apple. In summary, hyperthyroid states can occur due to the hormonal changes of pregnancy and these cases are usually selflimited. A 32yearold woman in the 24th week of her fourth pregnancy arrives at the emergency department complaining of cough and congestion, shortness of breath, and swelling in her face, hands, and feet. Its generally considered safe, and it is used to treat more than 70% of adults with hyperthyroidism. The thyroid is functioning normally if the tsh and free t4 remain in the trimesterspecific normal ranges throughout pregnancy. A severe, lifethreatening form of hyperthyroidism, called thyroid storm, may complicate pregnancy. Because no consensus guidelines regarding the treatment.
Talking about the causes of hyperthyroidism requires discussion of far more potentialsgraves disease, thyroiditis, goiter, and othersthan the average condition. Maternal weight, bp, tsh, thyroid hormones, ecg, etc. Gd in pregnant women, the different consensuses and clinical guidelines6,7. Preeclampsia, heart failure, fetal loss, premature labour, and having a low birthweight baby are more likely to occur in untreated or poorly controlled thyrotoxic women than in those receiving adequate treatment. Its crucial that you get treatment if you have hyperthyroidism. The thyroid gland can increase in size during pregnancy enlarged thyroid goiter. By midpregnancy, the babys thyroid begins to produce thyroid hormone on its own. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy inpatient care what you. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy brochure pdf american thyroid. Thyroid diseases affect up to 5% of all pregnancies. Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy is uncommon and has been reported as. Other causes of hyperthyroidism include toxic adenoma, subacute thyroiditis, and induced thyroxine overdose. The most common forms of hyperthyroidism include diffuse toxic goiter graves disease, toxic multinodular goiter plummer disease, and toxic adenoma.
Most pregnant women with hyperthyroidism have already been diagnosed prior to pregnancy. Thyrotoxicosis of pregnancy can present unique diagnostic challenges and, if untreated, is associated with increased risks of adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal complications. Overall, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in women of childbearing age is graves disease see graves disease brochure, which occurs in 0. Two pregnancyrelated hormoneshuman chorionic gonadotropin hcg and estrogencause higher measured thyroid hormone levels in your blood. Complications of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy untreated hyperthyroidism in pregnancy can have severe consequences for the pregnant woman, the outcome of the pregnancy, and the fetus.
For the first 1820 weeks of pregnancy, the baby is completely dependent on the mother for the production of thyroid hormone. Since the guidelines for the management of these disorders by the american thyroid association ata were first published in 2011, significant clinical and scientific advances have occurred in the field. Women with established hypothyroidism should have a tsh. In addition to other usual causes of hyperthyroidism see hyperthyroidism brochure, very high levels of hcg, seen in severe forms of morning sickness hyperemesis gravidarum, may cause transient hyperthyroidism in early pregnancy.
Graves disease is a complex autoimmune disorder, characterized by autoantibodies that activate the tsh receptor. Considering the wholebody effects this can have, a variety of symptoms may result, including weight loss, irritability, irregular heart. The most common complication of hyperthyroidism in pregnant mothers is preeclampsia. However, you may wonder if theres a hyperthyroidism diet that can support treatment, improve symptoms, and enhance overall. The aace advises expectant mothers to take a tsh test before pregnancy or as part of the standard prenatal blood work. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy what you need to know. Some studies have suggested that undiagnosed hypothyroidism impairs fertility, and in the pregnant patient, it results in a four times greater risk for miscarriage during the second trimester. American thyroid association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid.
When pregnancy is compounded by endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism, the potential for. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism during pregnancy. The thyroid gland plays an important role in regulating tissue metabolism and development. Accurate diagnosis of hormonal status beginning from the first week of pregnancy is of great importance. Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy. However, pregnancy associated goiters occur much more frequently in iodinedeficient areas of the world. Thyroid function tests change during pregnancy due to the influence of two main hormones.
In europe, it affects around 1 in 2000 people annually. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is usually caused by graves disease and occurs in 1 to 4 of every 1,000 pregnancies in the united states. Pregnancy and fetal development guidelines of the american thyroid association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum the american thyroid association taskforce on thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum alex stagnarogreen chair,1 marcos abalovich,2 erik alexander,3 fereidoun azizi,4 jorge. Ata thyroid disease in pregnancy guidelines were pre. It is often indicated in hyperthyroid patients who have an obstructive goiter.
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